The last 400 years have witnessed an increasing European influence on the continent. Following a subsequent long and complex history of civilizations, migration and trade, Africa hosts a large diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages. Д®arly human civilizations, such as Ancient Egypt and Carthage emerged in North Africa. Due to being the longest inhabited continent, Africa is also considered by anthropologists to be the most genetically diverse continent on the planet. ergaster- the earliest Homo sapiens (modern human) remains, found in Ethiopia, South Africa, and Morocco, date to circa 233,000, 259,000, and 300,000 years ago respectively, and Homo sapiens is believed to have originated in Africa around 350,000вЂ“260,000 years ago. The earliest hominids and their ancestors have been dated to around 7 million years ago, including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. Africa, particularly Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the place of origin of humans and the Hominidae clade ( great apes). The history of Africa is long, complex, and has often been under-appreciated by the global historical community. The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has identified Africa as the continent most vulnerable to climate change. These entrenched environmental concerns are expected to worsen as climate change impacts Africa. However, Africa also is heavily affected by a wide range of environmental issues, including desertification, deforestation, water scarcity, and other issues. In the other extreme of the continent, southern Namibia, southern Botswana, great parts of South Africa, the entire territories of Lesotho and Eswatini and the southern tips of Mozambique and Madagascar are located below the tropic of Capricorn, in the southern temperate zone.ДЄfrica is home to much biodiversity it is the continent with the largest number of megafauna species, as it was least affected by the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, except for a large part of Western Sahara, Algeria, Libya and Egypt, the northern tip of Mauritania, the entire territories of Morocco, Ceuta, Melilla, and Tunisia which in turn are located above the tropic of Cancer, in the northern temperate zone. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere. It is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones. African nations cooperate through the establishment of the African Union, which is headquartered in Addis Ababa.ДЄfrica straddles the equator and the prime meridian making it the only continent in the world to be situated in all four cardinal hemispheres. Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria is its largest by population. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states ( countries), eight territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Despite this low concentration of wealth, recent economic expansion and the large and young population make Africa an important economic market in the broader global context. Despite a wide range of natural resources, Africa is the least wealthy continent per capita, in part due to geographic impediments, legacies of European colonization in Africa and the Cold War, predatory/neo-colonialistic activities by Western nations and China, and undemocratic rule and deleterious policies. Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the continents the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. With 1.3 billion people as of 2018, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. At about 30.3В million km 2 (11.7В million squareВ miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases.

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